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  直接进入今天的正题吧:

  1、Informal organization:非正式组织

  An informal organization is loosely structured(结构松散的)flexible(灵活的),and spontaneous(自发的).It exists alongside the formal one.

  非正式组织的定义不是我们的考点,但是你要知道它是什么,尤其是它定义中这几个放飞自我的形容词,暗示了它非规范化的特征~

  2、Span of control:控制跨度

  (重要!)

  It refers to the number of subordinates directly responsible to a superior.

  一个superior直接控制的下属的数量,两个重点:

  下属的数量,而不是其他的数量;

  一定要体现直接控制,如果没有directly responsible的字眼,就要找能体现直接控制的描述,这是定义热门考点,一定要通过习题感受!

  3、Scalar chain:权力链条

  The chain of command from the most senior to the most junior

  4、Delayering&downsizing:去层级和规模缩减

  Delayering:Reduction the number of management levels from bottom top.去层级是指去掉某个层级,一般level前会给出层级名称,如middle management level等

  downsizing:large numbers of managers and staff have been made redundant(人数的缩减,可能同时发生在各个层级上)

  5、Tall and flat organization:

  Tall organization的scalar chain较长,span of control较窄,而flat organization则相反,通过delayering“去层级”,tall organization可以变成flat organization。”

  6、Centralization&decentralization

  A centralized organization is one in which authority is centralized in one place.(权力集中在组织上层)

  Decentralization therefore implies increased delegation,empowerment and autonomy at lower levels of the organization.

  关于分权与集权,考试会考得比较活,可能和其他组织架构或管理方式相结合,这要求我们真正理解二者的含义;

  分权与集权其实就是企业管理权限的分配方式,权力到底集中在哪些人手中,通过下属的参与度可以帮助判断。

  7、Outsourcing&offshoring(外包&离岸)

  Outsourcing:contracting out of specified operations or service to

  an external vendor.(通过合同的方式将某部分业务外包出去,外包的分类可能对应不同的组织类型,在学习组织架构的新型组织时要学会联想)

  Offshoring:sending work overseas

  8、Culture:

  Hofstede:Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another.

  可以将一类人和他人区分开的思想的聚集(意识形态)

  Edgar Schein:Culture is the set of shared,taken for granted assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives,think about and react to the environment.

  一个团体内部可以分享的、视之为理所当然的,决定人们思想和行为的假设(Three levels concerning culture文化的3个层次就是这个人提的)

  从组织的角度:

  Mullins:the collection of traditions,values,policies,beliefs,and attitudes.

  Schwartz&Davies:a pattern of beliefs and expectations shared by the organization’s members.

  Handy and Edgar Schein:the way we do things around here

  文化这一部不是要把每一个定义都背下来,但是题目中出现了定义和提出人,我们要会进行匹配

  9、Corporate governance:

  Corporate governance is the system by which organization are directed and controlled by senior officers.

  由高层实施的来管理和控制公司的体系,题目可能给出定义描述进行选择

  10、NED:

  Non-executive directors are not employees of the company,(NED有一定独立性和胜任能力的要求,独立性使得他一般不是公司的员工)but they do take part in decision making at board meetings.(NED的存在是公司治理的重要环节,因为NED参与决策的制定而进一步保障了公司的经营者没有只顾自己的、或眼前的利益)They do not take part in day-to-day running of the company.(非执行董事的“非执行”就意味着他们不参与公司运营和决策的具体实施)